Anatomy and Physiology II (APII) Milestone 1 Practice Test

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• In an isolated rat heart perfused with an oxygenated solution, reducing atrial inflow would cause what change in force of contraction and cardiac output?
• A contractile cardiac cell exposed to a calcium channel blocker would have which of the following changes to its action potential?
• In a schematic drawing of a vein, which structure is designated by letter D?
• Which hormone promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys to regulate dehydration?
• Which artery supplies the anterior portion of the interventricular septum and the anterior walls of both ventricles?
• How does the autonomic nervous system regulate heart rate?
• Elastic (conducting) arteries are characterized by a high content of which protein that allows stretch and recoil?
• Which structure is the Circle of Willis also known as, providing collateral circulation to the brain?
• A deeper vein of the arm that forms from the radial and ulnar veins in the lower arm and leads to the axillary vein is called what?
• A broad QRS complex indicates a defect in which part of the conduction system?
• Which component of blood is primarily responsible for oxygen transport through hemoglobin?
• What is the Bohr effect in relation to hemoglobin?
• Which vessel receives blood directly from the left ventricle?
• In ketoacidosis, what compensatory changes occur in peripheral resistance and blood pressure?
• Which blood cell is broken down in the spleen and has its components recycled?
• If there is an S3 sound, in which phase of the cardiac cycle does it occur?
• Purkinje fibers are specialized conducting fibers located in which part of the heart?
• Where does most reabsorption occur in the nephron?
• Explain the difference between systole and diastole.
• What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in cardiac conduction?
• Which structure ensures a continuous blood supply to the brain?
• Blockage of which blood vessel would most likely cause ischemia of the right side of the heart, including the interventricular septum and posterior walls of both ventricles?
• Describe the basic structure and function of the gastrointestinal wall layers.
• In response to hypoxia, what happens to peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure?
• Calcium channel blockade by certain drugs would primarily shorten which phase of the ventricular action potential?
• Which capillary type is found in tissues such as the kidney and endocrine glands, enabling rapid exchange?
• Net filtration pressure is the force driving fluid out of the capillary and into the tissue spaces; therefore, it is equal to the difference between which two pressures?
• Which gland secretes cortisol?
• Which structure in the heart contains additional myocardial conductive fibers that spread the impulse to ventricular contractile cells?
• How does myelin affect nerve conduction?
• Which vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body?
• Which artery supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, inferior portion of the left ventricle, and posterior part of the interventricular septum?
• A patient receives a rapid infusion of saline; which explains the expected heart rate change?
• What is the role of the liver in digestion?
• What primarily determines the hematocrit value?
• How do feed-forward and feedback hormonal regulation differ?
• Defect in ventricular repolarization affects which ECG component?
• Which substance converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation?
• At high altitude with reduced oxygen, what sequence of changes occurs in heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output before acclimation?
• Which cell is a leukocyte derived from a myeloid stem cell?
• Which sequence describes negative feedback in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?
• What is another name for the visceral pericardium?
• Megakaryocytes, which produce platelets, arise from which stem cell lineage?
• Which vein is described as a deep arm vein formed from the radial and ulnar veins and draining into the axillary vein?
• Define stroke volume and identify its three determinants.
• Which condition promotes oxygen unloading from hemoglobin according to the Bohr effect?
• Semilunar valves regulate the flow of blood from the ventricles into which vessels?
• A broad or prolonged QRS complex (> 100 ms) would indicate which of the following?
• Which determinant of stroke volume corresponds to the heart muscle's responsiveness to filling?
• Which type of arteries dampen the pulsatile pressure from the heart and include the aorta?
• The circumflex artery arises from which coronary artery?
• Which pairing is correctly matched as a major endocrine gland with a representative hormone?
• Which type of arteries are the first in the vascular series to dampen the surge of blood?
• Where does the extrinsic coagulation pathway converge?
• What is the primary component of blood plasma?
• Which statement about active transport is true?
• Which valve prevents backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle?
• Which molecule is released during sympathetic activation that increases peripheral resistance?
• How does the respiratory system compensate for metabolic acidosis?
• Which vessels primarily adjust resistance to regulate regional blood flow?
• The layer that directly covers the heart is described as which of the following?
• Which statement best differentiates dendrites from axons?
• Where do neurotransmitters get released in chemical synapses?
• How does the atrioventricular (AV) node contribute to the heart's conduction system?
• Which blood component is integral to forming a hemostatic plug?
• What is the homeostatic set point?
• Which pancreas hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
• The QRS complex on an electrocardiogram represents which electrical event?
• Which statement about platelets during hemostasis is correct?
• Into which vein does the external jugular vein typically drain?
• S4 gallop occurs during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
• Which leukocyte is derived from myeloid stem cells and differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells?
• Which organ filters blood and removes waste products?
• Which components comprise the bicarbonate buffer system used to regulate pH in the blood?
• Which organ produces bile for fat emulsification?
• If severe bleeding occurs and is untreated, what happens to blood pressure and blood flow?
• How is CO2 transported in the blood?
• Which of the following are the formed elements in blood?
• Which pressure difference contributes to net filtration pressure by favoring filtration across capillaries?
• Which cells arise from lymphoid stem cells?
• What is the role of helper T cells in adaptive immunity?
• During auscultatory blood pressure measurement, the diastolic pressure is recorded at the moment when the last Korotkoff sound is heard.
• A abnormal SA node would primarily affect which aspect of cardiac function?
• How does feedback regulation maintain pH within a narrow range?
• What is the Frank-Starling law?
• During diastole, which valve opens to permit blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle?
• What is a primary function of the lymphatic system in immunity?
• Which leukocyte becomes a phagocytic macrophage when it leaves the circulation?
• Which vascular structure has branches that supply the distal portions of the foot and digits?
• The aortic semilunar valve regulates blood flow between which two structures?
• Which leukocyte becomes a phagocytic macrophage after leaving the circulation?
• Which serous pericardial layer lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium?
• Which cellular element is primarily responsible for hemostasis by forming a temporary plug?
• How is homeostasis achieved and illustrated by a negative feedback loop?
• In which type of vessel is the lumen diameter primarily regulated by neural and chemical controls?
• Which blood vessel is equipped with valves to direct blood flow?
• What constitutes the basic structure of a chemical synapse?
• Which chamber pumps blood into the aorta?
• What are the characteristics of fenestrated capillaries?
• Presence of an S4 gallop is most closely associated with which condition?
• Which blood component is derived from myeloid stem cells and is involved in clotting but is not a leukocyte?
• What is the typical diameter range for muscular arteries?
• How does aldosterone affect renal sodium handling?
• Which segment of the nephron is primarily responsible for water reabsorption and countercurrent exchange?
• Which leukocyte leaves the circulation to become a macrophage in tissues?
• Which sequence correctly lists the phases of an action potential in a neuron, in order?
• Which statement best describes hemoglobin's role in gas transport?
• Which statement best describes arterioles?
• Abdominal fat accumulation has what effect on vascular resistance and cardiac workload?
• What is the role of smooth muscle in the digestive tract?
• Which GI wall layer is primarily responsible for absorption and secretion?
• Which cell is a type of white blood cell that differentiates into macrophages when it leaves the bloodstream and enters tissues?
• Which type of arteries distribute blood to various organs and have a high content of smooth muscle enabling vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
• Which statement best defines hematocrit?
• Which vessels are equipped with valves to direct blood flow?
• What best describes the synaptic cleft?
• Explain the bicarbonate buffer system and its relevance to pH regulation.
• Which of the following best describes platelets?
• What is the function of the semilunar valves?
• How is carbon dioxide transported by hemoglobin?
• In an adult with excess belly fat, what happens to systemic vascular resistance and cardiac workload?
• Carbaminohemoglobin forms when carbon dioxide binds to which part of hemoglobin?
• Which statement correctly describes passive and active transport across cell membranes?
• Which vessel exits the right ventricle?
• Where are baroreceptors located that participate in the reflex regulating blood pressure?
• How do the kidneys regulate fluid balance in response to dehydration?
• A man gains excess belly fat that increases resistance to blood flow and stress on the heart. What happens to vascular resistance and cardiac workload?
• What is osmosis and why is it important in physiology?
• Which heart chamber is responsible for pumping blood into the pulmonary circuit?
• Distinguish between arteries, veins, and capillaries in terms of structure and function.
• What are the three phases of hemostasis in order?
• Which statement correctly describes the structural and functional characteristics of arteries, veins, and capillaries?
• Damage to the left atrium and the posterior portion of the left ventricle is most consistent with occlusion of which artery?
• What is the role of hypothalamic releasing hormones in endocrine regulation?
• During acidosis, what compensatory response helps maintain cardiac output?
• Which pericardial layer is attached to the outer surface of the heart and forms part of the heart wall?
• What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and why is it important?
• Which layer of the pericardium is the visceral layer that directly covers the heart?
• A trained athlete at rest has a lower heart rate but normal cardiac output. What must happen?
• Which statement best describes net filtration pressure in capillaries?
• What does ventilation-perfusion matching describe and why is it important?
• Which valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?
• Name the three phases of hemostasis.
• What neural reflex helps regulate blood pressure on a short-term basis?
• Which statement best describes veins?
• Which of the following best describes the Bainbridge reflex?
• Which hormone regulates water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?
• Which component of blood is involved in the formation of blood clots?
• Which component of a neuron transmits signals away from the cell body?
• Which organ belongs to the pulmonary circuit?
• Name the functional units of the kidney.
• During ventricular systole, blood is ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta through which valve?
• Describe the sequence of cardiac conduction from SA node to Purkinje fibers.
• Which artery branches off the right coronary artery and supplies the right ventricle?
• Verapamil blocks which ion channels to affect cardiac conduction?
• Which reflex explains the heart rate increase during rapid venous return on a tilt table?
• Which white blood cell is primarily involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions and is not primarily phagocytic?
• Which part of the pericardium is attached to the outer surface of the heart and forms part of the heart wall?
• Which organ is primarily responsible for breaking down erythrocytes and recycling components such as hemoglobin?
• After breakdown of red blood cells, iron released from heme can be stored or recycled. Which statement is true about its fate?
• Define tidal volume.
• Which organ is primarily responsible for breaking down aged red blood cells?
• Which factor most increases peripheral resistance (PR)?
• Which pericardial layer directly covers the heart?
• Defects in the ventricular conduction system typically produce which electrocardiographic change?
• Which chamber receives systemic venous blood returning to the heart?
• Which cell type is primarily responsible for antibody production in humoral immunity?
• What occurs during platelet plug formation?
• Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct?
• Which chamber receives blood from the lungs?
• What is vascular spasm?
• What is the Circle of Willis?
• Antibodies are immunoglobulins produced by which cells in response to antigens?
• The aortic semilunar valve controls flow between which two structures?
• Basophils are characterized by which of the following?
• Which veins drain the reproductive organs?
• Which vein is the deeper vein of the arm that forms from the radial and ulnar veins and leads to the axillary vein?
• What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?
• Differentiate innate immunity from adaptive immunity.
• Which coagulation pathway is initiated by tissue damage and leads to the activation of the common pathway?
• What happens during the coagulation phase?
• In the tissues, the oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen from which part of hemoglobin?
• Which artery bifurcates to form the medial plantar artery and lateral plantar artery?
• Which valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?
• Block in conduction between the atria and ventricles (AV block) mainly affects which interval?
• Which cell is a leukocyte derived from a myeloid lineage and is among the early responders to infection?
• Which expression correctly represents the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for the bicarbonate buffer system, noting that CO2 is converted to carbonic acid in solution?
• Which component of blood acts as a solvent for dissolved or suspended substances?
• Which artery branches into the LAD and circumflex and primarily supplies the left atrium and left ventricle?
• Which white blood cell is phagocytic and most abundant, acting as an early responder to infection but does not become a macrophage?
• During the coagulation phase of hemostasis, which molecule is produced to stabilize the blood clot?
• How do peptide hormones differ from steroid hormones in their mechanism of action?
• Into which structure does blood from the left ventricle flow?
• Which structure conducts impulses after the AV node to coordinate ventricular contraction?
• Which statement about myelin and conduction velocity is correct?
• Increased belly fat is associated with which of the following cardiovascular effects?
• Lymphocytes include which cells?
• Which arteries have a higher proportion of smooth muscle and regulate blood flow by vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
• In which organ is an erythrocyte broken down?
• Which formed element is most abundant in healthy human blood?
• What is plasma?
• Which region drains into the external jugular vein?
• In a physiologist’s isolated rat heart perfused with an oxygenated solution, if the volume entering the heart through the atria is decreased below normal, what happens to the force of contraction and cardiac output?
• How do the kidneys contribute to acid-base balance?
• In which of the following conditions is a high or wide pulse pressure (> 25% of systolic pressure) common?
• Which GI wall layer is primarily responsible for peristaltic movements?
• What is the function of the pleural membranes?
• Which of the following describes acidosis effects on peripheral vessels and the heart's responsiveness to catecholamines?
• Which component of blood is involved in the formation of blood clots?
• Which cell is a type of lymphocyte derived from lymphoid stem cells?